Although there were no significant differences in the occurrence of respiratory failure or other complications, the analysis revealed a significantly higher 28-day mortality rate (59.1% vs. 35.1%, P = 0.001) and in-hospital mortality rate (43.9% vs. 26.1%, P = 0.011) in the GM-CSF group compared to those who did not receive GM-CSF. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and respiratory failure.