While these CP-related findings differ from intestinal CD, we could detect a higher abundance of predictive protein markers for anti-TNF-α therapy in CD esophagitis as described in serum of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients such as CRP, ITGAV, APOE, and CLU (Gazouli et al, 2013; Kalla et al, 2021; Kumar et al, 2024) (Fig. EV4C). Here, ITGAV is linked to Cowden disease.