For example, CpGs exhibiting higher methylation levels in female cetaceans were linked to genes such as the mTOR-related RRAGA on chromosome 9 (cg04565674, Meta P = 1.0 × 10–159) and the breast cancer-related gene BCAR3 on chromosome 1 (cg06678289, Meta P = 4.6 × 10–36), among others (upper panel in Fig. 4D). The gene discussed is RRAGA; the disease is breast cancer.