CASP3 and melanoma: Our results indicated that both GNV-RNA and gut metabolites from GNV-RNA fed hFB mice (GNV-RNAs-sup) exhibited a similar effect on enhancing anti-PD-L1 mediated effects against B16F10 melanoma advancement (Fig. 6C) and on the induction of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP (Supplementary Fig. 8B).