LDHA and hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma: have shown that LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A) participates in the M2 polarization of macrophages in renal cell carcinoma.[79]  Specifically, LDHA enhances the expression of EPHA2 (ephrin type‐A receptor 2) within TEVs.  Subsequently, EPHA2 is conveyed to macrophages via TEVs, where it activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade, thereby facilitating M2 macrophage polarization.[79]