GLP1R and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In recent years, studies have also shown that sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) can significantly improve the renal outcomes and reduce the risk of renal failure and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) has a better renal protection effect in DN patients and fineronone is effective and safe in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (Perkovic et al., 2019; Shaman et al., 2022; Bakris et al., 2015).