TNF and tuberculosis: As cytokines play essential roles in TB pathogenesis, we measured the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after antigen stimulation.