Within the HCC case group, GAAD and GALAD scores remained high, irrespective of disease etiology (Fig. 4C) and geographic region (Fig. 4D); overall, scores for GAAD and GALAD for the HCC group were significantly higher compared with CLD controls (p <0.001).The detection of different HCC stages and CLD controls using single markers (Elecsys AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II assays) is shown (Fig. S2). This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.