AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: For example, in China, the cost of an AFP-L3 test was ∼27.7 USD compared with ∼6.2 USD for an AFP test, and ∼18.5 USD for a PIVKA-II test; in a simulated cohort of 5,000 patients with HBV, at a cost-effectiveness threshold of three times China’s GDP per capita, GAAD + USG was the most cost-effective screening strategy for HCC compared with USG and biomarkers alone.17