CKD encompasses at least one of the following: (1) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; (2) albuminuria (i.e., urinary albumin concentration ≥ 30 mg/24 h or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio [ACR] ≥ 30 mg/g); (3) abnormalities of the urinary sediment, histology, or imaging suggestive of renal damage; (4) renal tubular disease; or (5) history of renal transplantation (6). Here, ALB is linked to chronic kidney disease.