TGF-β secreted by M2 TAM enhances glycolysis and facilitates immune evasion in bladder cancer by promoting the nuclear translocation of PKM2, which interacts with p-STAT3 to elevate PD-L1 levels, while dual targeting of TGF-β receptors and PKM2 shows significant potential in inhibiting tumor progression and enhancing immune responses59. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and urinary bladder cancer.