Contemporaneous mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of training duration on BDNF via concurrently reduced HCC (15.1% mediation; estimated average causal mediation effect [ACME]: 0.022 [95% CI, 0.003 to 0.05], p = .021, n = 338 observations from n = 149 participants) (see Figure 3C1). Here, BDNF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.