Our research identified an intrinsic lineage evolution of γδ T cells in lung adenocarcinoma TME, where these cells tend to develop and mature towards the expression of GZMK, XCL1, and XCL2. GZMK (Granzyme K) as a serine protease of the granzyme family, is primarily expressed by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which is characterized by its cytotoxic properties46. Here, XCL1 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.