HMGA1 and cancer: While mechanisms upregulating HMGA1 in cancer are incompletely understood, increasing evidence suggests that diverse oncogenic pathways, including growth factors (65, 66), mutations — such as mutant Apc (67, 68), KRAS (28, 36, 69), or mutant JAK2 (29) — and oncogenic transcription factors, like cMYC (70) or cJUN (71, 72), converge on HMGA1 to induce its expression in distinct settings.