Although the mRNA levels of three forms of VDAC (VDAC1/2/3) and TH were significantly decreased, the mRNA ratios between the three forms of VDAC to TH were increased in the SN of PD patients.21 Meanwhile, increased VDAC was observed in MPTP- or 6-OHDA-induced PD models.325,326 Although VDAC-mediated mitochondrial iron transport has not been directly detected in PD, increased VDAC levels may lead to mitochondrial iron overload, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. The gene discussed is VDAC1; the disease is Parkinson disease.