LDH plays a pivotal role in the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle mechanism, utilizing lactate and providing energy for neurons.509,510 The blockage of lactate metabolism in the brain can lead to an insufficient energy supply, which contributes to HD.506,510 Although elevated copper levels have been found in HD patients and models, in a QUIN-induced HD rat model, supplement of copper in drinking water (90 ppm Cu, 28 days) reduced lipid peroxidation and ROS, possibly due to increased SOD1 activity.511. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is Huntington disease.