Interestingly, our findings are consistent with previous observations showing that AhR activation using specific ligands such as I3C significantly reduces many members of Bacteroidia phylum and increases Firmicutes and Virrucomicroiota in colitis mouse models.6,46 In particular, Muribaculum intestinale, Prevotella disiens, Prevotella intermedia, and Acetatifactor muris are among the numerous colitis-causing bacteria that may be controlled by AhR-dependent induction of α-defensin 1. Here, AHR is linked to colitis.