AHR and colon adenoma: It has been shown that equine α-defensin1 can kill a wide range of microbes,23,24 and increased expression of α-defensin 1 was associated with mucosa adherent bacteria in colonic adenoma mucosa.25 Our findings demonstrate that bacterial species from Firmicutes and Virrucomicroiota are increased when AhR is activated using I3C treatment, which is consistent with animal studies in which bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, and other butyrate-producing bacteria were found to be anti-inflammatory, restoring and maintaining normal intestinal barrier integrity.55,59,60