Although there was no significant difference in the frequency of resident macrophages between WT and Pellino1-mKO mice (Fig. 5a, b), expression levels of phagocytosis-related genes (MFGE8, TIMD4, and ANXA1) were increased in Pellino1-deficient macrophages compared to those in their WT counterparts under AOM/DSS conditions (Supplementary Fig. 12a). This evidence concerns the gene ANXA1 and infectious otitis media.