Expression levels of most protein kinases, including p-JNK, p-p38, p-AKT (S473), and p-AKT (T308), were decreased in Pellino1-mKO mice with CAC, while those of p-ERK and p-AKT (T308) were decreased in the same mice with colitis (Supplementary Fig. 13). Here, MAPK8 is linked to colitis.