AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Abnormally elevated AFP is common in patients with chronic or active hepatitis, cirrhosis, HCC, genital tumors, and pregnancy, and approximately 70% of patients with HCC have elevated serum AFP levels.[40] Zhang and colleagues reported that AFP is overexpressed in TAMs and can promote the polarization of TAMs to the M2 phenotype by activating the AKT signaling pathway and that this effect of AFP on TAMs can be successfully inhibited by the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor Ly294002.