HAMP and infection: However, for LD-R-infection, while no Ferroportin was observed around intracellular LD-R in Hepcidin pre-treatment, post-treatment of Hepcidin resulted in a significant accumulation of Ferroportin around LD-R, clearly suggesting that LD-R-infection reshuffles Ferroportin from the host plasma membrane to its PV rendering Hepcidin-mediated degradation of Ferroportin ineffective (Fig 4D.i, rightmost panel).