Among the studies assessing only diabetic individuals, one study observed lower α-diversity in diabetic individuals with pyuria, one study observed lower richness in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, one study did not observed differences in α-diversity when assessing urinary interleukin-8; and one study observed increased richness in diabetic individuals compared to diabetic individuals with hyperlipidaemia but decreased richness if compared to diabetic individuals with hypertension. Here, CXCL8 is linked to hyperlipidemia.