Moreover, GSEA performed on the Hallmark gene sets from the melanoma database highlighted that male patients are negatively associated with gene sets related to the CD8 pathway (Fig. 5A), specifically tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) signaling and Interferon‐γ response, cytokines generally produced by active CD8 cells (Fig. 5B,C), thus reinforcing the sex‐related differences in CD8 percentage and activity. Here, TNF is linked to melanoma.