For example,Cthrc1 modulates TGF-β signaling by promoting the degradation of canonical signaling intermediates, including Smad2/3, and has been suggested to influence Wnt and b-integrin signaling to affect cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.58 Guo et al. showed thatCthrc1 modulated β-integrin signaling by enhancing phosphorylation of Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to promote metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells.62 In fibroblast and smooth muscle cells, CTHRC1 levels are associated with increased cell migrationin vitro. Here, CTHRC1 is linked to cancer.