A recent model-based analysis, based on USA SEER data, suggested that increasing the intensity of PSA screening in black men between the ages of 45 and 70 would lead to a greater mortality reduction, and limited overdiagnosis, compared with historical general population screening.21 In order to design a screening study which targets men at highest risk of prostate cancer, a variety of approaches may be needed. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.