As opposed to rats from the control group, rats from the GDM group showed dramatically elevated fasting blood glucose levels (22.24 mM vs. 5.664 mM; MD = 16.57; p < 0.0001), insulin levels (3.120 mU/L vs. 0.508 mU/L; MD = 2.612; p < 0.0001), and the insulin resistance index (3.379 vs. 0.1309; MD = 3.248; p < 0.0001) (Figures 1A–C). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.