NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Antioxidants inhibit oxidative stress, NF-κB, AP-1, and pro-inflammatory mediators induced by smoking and air pollutionThis condition leads to inactivation of mucus hypersecretion, lipid peroxidation, epithelial injury, extracellular matrix breakdown, and apoptosis, contributing to corticosteroid resistance in COPD by reducing histone deacetylase activity and impairing corticosteroids’ anti-inflammatory effects