Interestingly, five genes (LOXL2, SLC16A3, DDX39A, P4HA1, and PCNA) were present in both PCUGs and PCCUPs, and nine genes (AQP1, GNG7, AOX1, PTGDS, TNS1, ANK2, MFAP4, CXCL12, and ASPA) appeared in both PCDGs and PCCDPs, suggesting that these genes are involved in both the occurrence and development of cancer (Fig. 6B). Here, PTGDS is linked to cancer.