TNF and infection: As expected, given the relevance of these Th1 cytokines for infection control, mice treated with anti-TNF succumbed to the infection (Fig 4C), while mice treated with anti-IFN-γ survived (Fig 4C) but showed an increase in parasitemia (Fig 4D) with no changes in leukocyte numbers in the spleen and a reduction in leukocyte infiltration in SM (Fig 4E).