This trend in the expression of the IL-34 protein is altered under pathological conditions, with significantly increased expression of IL-34 at both the mRNA and protein levels in various diseases including coronary artery disease [5], type 2 diabetes [18], rheumatoid arthritis [19, 20], systemic lupus erythematosus [21] and inflammation [2]. The gene discussed is IL34; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.