KL and neoplasm: To investigate the correlation between lysine lactylation levels in tumor tissues and clinical outcomes of PDAC patients, biopsy specimens from 31 patients enrolled in a randomized phase II CISPD3 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03977272) were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining with Pan-cytokeratin (Pan-CK) and Pan-Kla antibodies (Figure 2C and Supplemental Figure 2, A and B, and Supplemental Table 3).