In T2D, while more than 40% of people have moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s-related pathology in brain autopsies, multiple etiologies have been suggested for cognitive decline, including vascular and cerebral insulin resistance, inflammation, or endothelial dysfunction due to accumulation of AGEs or toxic lipids or proteins in the vasculature (38–41). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.