Similarly, pancreatic homeobox domain 1 (Pdx1), a key pancreatic transcription factor regulating pancreatic differentiation, has been demonstrated to have reduced expression in IUGR β-cells (Stoffers et al. 2003) associated with epigenetic changes including an increase in DNA methylation and silencing histone modification at CpG sites within the Pdx1 promoter as well as in the insulin gene (Park et al. 2008; Yang et al. 2011). The gene discussed is PDX1; the disease is fetal growth restriction.