We enrolled 798 children who underwent VSD surgery, with NT-proBNP measured preoperatively and 24-h postoperatively, with perioperative details recorded to evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes, with ejection fraction (EF) values measured by echocardiography 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and 12-month postoperatively to evaluate the mid-term clinical outcomes. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is ventricular septal defect.