Furthermore, data showing similar IL-1/IL-6 cytokine profiles in C-ARDS and NC-ARDS patients suggest that these cytokine pathways may be highly activated in all types of ARDS, leading to the conclusion that ARDS should be considered as an hyperinflammatory state with DAD and severe prognosis in which novel anti-inflammatory strategies targeting these cytokines merit further mechanistic investigation (30). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and acute respiratory distress syndrome.