Similarly, serum levels of TNFα, sTNFR-1 and CXCL8 in C-ARDS were significantly lower than in NC-ARDS (Table 3, Figures 5C–E) and serum levels of sTNFR-1 was higher than in controls (p<0.0001; Figure 5D). Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.