Importantly, the higher frequency of CD8+ T cells in chronic infection and chronic hepatitis patients was associated with a significant increase of activation marker CD69 [median 75.3%, interquartile range (IQR) 60.4–80.5; median 77.5%, IQR 62.2–83.9] compared to control (44.1%, IQR 35.8–51.6; p = 0.0093 and p = 0.0020) (Figure 1D). The gene discussed is CD69; the disease is chronic hepatitis.