Additionally, Pandey examined the levels of immune markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of 24 adolescents who died by suicide, and higher levels of mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β were detected in the prefrontal cortex compared to healthy controls (56), although only 33.3% (8) of these victims had been diagnosed with depression during their lifetime, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines association with adolescent suicidal ideation is not dependent on depression. Here, TNF is linked to depressive symptom measurement.