The study has found that TGR5 activation can promote the expression of tight junction protein and alleviate inflammatory bowel disease (Zhai et al. 2021), furthermore, can reduce inflammatory factors and inhibit TNF-α in mouse and human intestinal macrophages, leading to the innate immunosuppression of inflammatory bowel disease (Yoneno et al. 2013). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.