Additionally, compared with the FBS-EV and SLE-EV groups without activated autophagy, the Rapa-FBS-EV and Rapa-SLE-EV groups exhibited lower ANA antibody levels, representing superior therapeutic effects (Rapa-FBS-EV group vs. FBS-EV group, P = 0.0615; Rapa-SLE-EV group vs. SLE-EV group, P < 0.05) (Fig. 2C). The gene discussed is TRERF1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.