ARF1 and prostate neoplasm: ARF1 has been shown to promote proliferation and migration in ovarian cancer27 and activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in prostate tumors.28 ERK1/2, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, transmits extracellular signals to intracellular targets and is closely related to cellular proliferation, differentiation, and stress response.29 Prior studies, such as Haines, Schlienger, Claing30 (2015), have shown that ARF1 could activate ERK1/2 and promote apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer.