In contrast, the liver lipidome of individuals with elevated IHTG content, minimal features of metabolic syndrome, and who were carriers of the common I148M variant in PNPLA3 gene (‘PNPLA3 NAFLD’; Box 1) was enriched in polyunsaturated TG, and had other lipid types (e.g. ceramides) that were no different from those of individuals with ‘non-PNPLA3 NAFLD’ (Luukkonen et al., 2016). Here, PNPLA3 is linked to metabolic syndrome.