NFKB1 and neoplasm: Regarding targeting, HSYA effectively targets cancer cells and limits tumor spread and metastasis by modulating key signaling pathways (e.g., p53, NF-κB, VEGF, etc.) (Li et al., 2014), Although EGCG has shown notable anticancer effects in clinical treatments for gastrointestinal cancers, challenges such as drug resistance remain (Mereles and Hunstein, 2011; Singh et al., 2011).