TGFB1 and neoplasm: Conversely, expression of fibroblast-associated factors, such as VEGFB, VEGFC, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, and IL6 were positively associated with the fibroblast signature, but were negatively correlated with the infiltrating myeloid dendritic cell, NK, and T-cell subset signatures (Figure 3F); indicating that cancer-associated fibroblasts might be negatively modulating the anti-tumour immune cell functions (54).