According to our findings, the TRIAL-active-type tumour cell subclusters typically align with biomarkers linked to better prognosis, such as HLA-DRB5 of LUAD_P01T and BHMT of HCC_P04T (Fig. 4B, Fig. S31B), whereas the prognosis for the stem-like and NFκB-active type may be complex due to stem cell characteristics, abnormal pathway activation, or treatment resistance. The gene discussed is HLA-DRB5; the disease is neoplasm.