PPARD and colorectal carcinoma: In the HCT-116 CRC cell line and mouse colon tumor epithelial cells, GW501516 activated PPARβ/δ, which further induced an increase in the expression of COX-2 and its derivative PGE2 and led to an elevated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the colonic mucosa, including CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and IL-1β.