CD4 and neoplasm: Furthermore, PD‐1 antibodies can increase the stimulation of tumor antigen‐targeting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following IRE, thereby enhancing the anti‐tumor effect of the immune system.[58, 59] Previous research has revealed that IRE can alter the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, shifting it from anti‐inflammatory to pro‐inflammatory, thereby mediating acute inflammatory responses.