Though the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is related to stress [32], no obvious changes in the HPA axis were observed after CRS compared to the unrestrained control mice, as evaluated by examining the mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, and the hormone levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone [33–35] (Supplementary Fig. S2h–j). The gene discussed is CRH; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.