INS and atherosclerosis: The analysis revealed that HT affected metabolic processes related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase−protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway, forkhead box protein O (FoxO) signaling pathway, IR, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, and insulin signaling pathway (Fig. 2d; Supplementary Fig. S2).