GDF3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In both choline-deficient high-fat-diet (CD-HFD) and methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced NASH mice, we also observed a dramatic up-regulation of GDF3 in the livers compared to age-matched, normal diet-fed controls (Fig. 2f and g), suggesting that the overproduction of GDF3 is a conserved feature in NASH progression.