TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β signaling pathway activation may enhance tumor cell invasion and metastasis capabilities through inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Meng et al., 2016), while IL6-JAK-STAT3 pathway activation suggests the important role of inflammatory microenvironment in LGG progression, with this chronic inflammatory state potentially promoting tumor malignant progression through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2023).