Additionally, CD146 contributes to the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) (Jing et al., 2023), influencing immune evasion and promoting angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), both of which are critical for tumor invasiveness and metastasis (Duan et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2018). Here, MCAM is linked to neoplasm.