In recent years, the emergence of monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) has changed the treatment landscape for locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC without oncogenic driver gene mutations (2, 3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.