Upregulated NORAD expression alleviated MPP+-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by decreased ROS activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and caspase 3/7 activities, indicating that NORAD can regulate intrinsic onset, development, or inhibition of PD-associated mitochondrial or apoptotic signaling pathways [129]. This evidence concerns the gene NORAD and Parkinson disease.